Operant conditioning (sometimes
referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and
punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made
between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.
Operant conditioning was coined by
behaviorist B.F. Skinner,
which is why you may occasionally hear it referred to as Skinnerian
conditioning. As a behaviorist, Skinner believed that internal thoughts and
motivations could not be used to explain behavior. Instead, he suggested, we
should look only at the external, observable causes of human behavior.
Skinner used the term operant
to refer to any "active behavior that operates upon the environment to
generate consequences" (1953). In other words, Skinner's theory explained
how we acquire the range of learned behaviors we exhibit each and every day.
Examples
of Operant Conditioning
We can find examples of operant
conditioning at work all around us. Consider the case of children completing
homework to earn a reward from a parent or teacher, or employees finishing
projects to receive praise or promotions.
In these examples, the promise or
possibility of rewards causes an increase in behavior, but operant conditioning
can also be used to decrease a behavior. The removal of an undesirable outcome
or the use of punishment can be used to decrease or prevent undesirable
behaviors. For example, a child may be told they will lose recess privileges if
they talk out of turn in class. This potential for punishment may lead to a
decrease in disruptive behaviors.
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